Expression of stem cell markers Nanog and Nestin in lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis.

Cancer stem cell (CSC) proteins have been observed in several lesions and are associated with tumor beginning, evolution, and resistance to treatment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the presence of NANOG, NESTIN, and beta-tubulin in lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), actinic cheilitis (AC), and normal epithelium (NE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty cases of LSCC, thirty cases of AC (both analyzed according to the WHO classification and AC according to the binary classification), and twenty cases of NE were submitted to an immunohistochemical study. RESULTS: NANOG was more expressed in the nuclei of AC compared to NE (p = 0.007), as well as in high-risk AC cases (p = 0.017) and well-differentiated LSCCs (no significance). There was an accumulation of nuclear NANOG from mild to moderate and severe ACs. NESTIN was significantly less present in NE compared to AC (p = 0.001) and LSCC (p = 0.003). There was a higher expression in severe dysplasia or high-risk AC and well-differentiated LSCC. These results indicate an upregulation of NANOG and NESTIN in the early stages of carcinogenesis. beta-tubulin was intensely present in all lesions. CONCLUSION: The results suggest an upregulation of NANOG and NESTIN in the biological behavior these diseases, mainly in the transformation from AC to LSCC.