Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods: Promising molecular tools in dentistry.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a popular diagnosis and research technique in dentistry. Several studies show that high sensitivity and specificity of PCR method allows it to be as a precise, efficient, and rapid method for detection, identification, and quantification of microorganisms. Several genetic polymorphisms along with immune and inflammatory markers can be determined; providing the most accurate perception into the mechanisms underlying the dental and periodontal disease. This review paper discusses the application of PCR as a diagnostic molecular technique in periodontology, endodontic infections, implant-related and peri-implantitis infection, identification of immune and inflammatory markers, and genetic polymorphisms. Moreover, it reviews the application of next generation sequencing and microarray technologies in dentistry. The manuscript was prepared mainly using PubMed and MEDLINE.