Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a commensal microorganism found in the human oral cavity. However, due to environmental changes, selective pressures, and the presence of a variable genome, it adapts and may acquire new physiological and metabolic properties that alter dental biofilm homeostasis, promoting the development of dental caries. Although the plasticity and heterogeneity of S. mutans is widely recognized, very little is known about the mechanisms for the expression of pathogenic properties in specific genotypes. HIGHLIGHT: The implementation of molecular biology techniques in the study of S. mutans has provided information on the genomic diversity of this species. This variability is generated by genome rearrangements, natural genetic transformation, and horizontal gene transfer, and continues to grow due to an open pan-genome. The main virulence factors associated with the cariogenic potential of S. mutans include adhesion, acid production (acidogenicity), and acid tolerance (aciduricity), and also show variability. These factors coordinate the modification of the physicochemical properties of the biofilm, which results in the accumulation of S. mutans and other acidogenic and aciduric species in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION: We review the current literature on the main processes that generate S. mutans genomic diversity, as well as the phenotypic variability of its main virulence factors. S. mutans achieves its pathogenesis by sensing the intra- and extracellular environments and regulating gene transcription according to perceived environmental modifications. Consequently, this regulation gives rise to differential synthesis of proteins, allowing this species to potentially express virulence factors.