Fabrication of a three-dimensional temporomandibular joint model for arthrocentesis and arthroscopy simulation.

Arthrocentesis and arthroscopy are relatively safe treatments for arthrogenic temporomandibular disorders. Hands-on training in both procedures is essential for surgeons to become competent. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prototype was developed at a relatively low cost, and arthrocentesis and arthroscopy were performed successfully on the model. Despite its limitations, this model is a viable adjunct to TMJ surgical training and can be fabricated easily by any training centre with a 3D printer.