TNFalpha expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis-stimulated macrophages relies on Sirt1 cleavage.

OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis is one the most common chronic inflammatory conditions, resulting in destruction of tooth-supporting tissues and leading to tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis activates host macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and elicit tissue damage, in part by inducing NF-kappa-B transactivation. Since NFkappaB transactivation is negatively regulated by the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase enzyme Sirt1, we sought to assess if RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to P. gingivalis demonstrate impaired Sirt1 activity, to ultimately induce a pro-inflammatory response. METHODS: RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with heat- killed P. gingivalis for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Stimulated RAW264.7 were assessed for TNFalpha expression via PCR, ELISA, and ChIP analysis. Following the activation of RAW264.7 macrophages, immunoblot analysis was executed to detect modifications in Sirt1 and the NFkappaB subunit RelA that is essential for NFkappaB transcriptional activity. RESULTS: TNFalpha expression was elevated 4 h after exposure to P. gingivalis. ChIP confirmed that RelA was enriched in the mouse TNFalpha promoter 4 h following stimulation, which correlated with the increased TNFalpha mRNA levels. Preceding TNFalpha expression, we detected Phosphoserine 536 and acetylated lysine 310 of RelA after 2 hours exposure with P. gingivalis. Moreover, reduced Sirt1 activity was associated with its cleavage in RAW264.7 protein extracts, after 2 hours of P. gingivalis exposure. Blocking TLR2/4 signaling prevented Sirt1 cleavage, loss of deacetylase activity, and TNFalpha secretion, while co-administering CA074Me (a cathepsin B inhibitor) with P. gingivalis reduced RelA promoter enrichment, resulting in impaired TNFalpha expression. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the results suggest that P. gingivalis induces TNFalpha expression, at least in part, by enhancing cleavage of Sirt1 via a TLR-dependent signaling circuit.