Stigma, self-efficacy and late toxicities among Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors.

OBJECTIVE: This study explores the level of stigma among Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors, its influencing factors and relationship with self-efficacy. METHODS: In total, 281 nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors were recruited from China, who completed the demographic, disease-related and late toxicities questionnaire, as well as the General Self-Efficacy Scale and Social Impact Scale. RESULTS: The mean scores for stigma and self-efficacy were 57.22 +/- 9.58 and 28.06 +/- 3.97, respectively, both showing a moderate level. The late toxicities with the highest incidence were xerostomia (91.8%), fatigue (78.3%) and hearing loss (63.0%). Stigma was significantly and negatively related to self-efficacy (r = -0.295, P < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression showed that self-efficacy, number of children, educational level, perceived support from spouse and other family members and some late toxicities (nasal obstruction and toothache) were influencing factors of stigma, accounting for 49.4% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Medical staff should be more aware of stigma among Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors, especially those with more children and weaker educational backgrounds who are at a higher risk of stigma. They should take effective measures to alleviate stigma by improving patients' self-efficacy, relieving late toxicities and encouraging spouses and family members to provide more support for them.