Peri-implantitis after 40 years: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications: A mapping review.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The high prevalence of peri-implantitis (PI) continues to plague patients and the disease is resistant to present treatment regimens. An analysis of the available research is lacking. PURPOSE: Given the abundance and diversity of research on the topic of PI, the purpose of this mapping review was to synthesize the literature on the prevention of PI, the histopathology of the disease, the state of present therapeutics, and any emerging treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An extensive literature search was undertaken by using the electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The keyword strings were peri-implantitis, dental implant, risk assessment, histopathology, prosthesis design, and treatment. The filters applied were time interval from 2000 to 2002; language, English. RESULTS: A total of 3635 articles were taken from PubMed, 3686 articles from Web of Science, and 2450 articles from Science Direct. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria to the titles and abstracts of selected investigations, 214 studies were retrieved. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence reflects a concerning incidence of PI, without a predictable treatment protocol. An in-depth patient risk assessment considering risk modification, emphasis on surgical and restorative expertise, and strict recall and maintenance is essential to minimize PI.