Efficacy of radiotherapy in treating local recurrence concomitant with distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a long-term retrospective multicenter study.

PURPOSE: Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) experiencing locoregional recurrence concomitant with distant metastases (rmNPC) after initial treatment represent a unique subgroup with significant management challenges. This study aimed to evaluate overall survival (OS) in rmNPC patients treated with systemic therapies with or without radiotherapy. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study included patients with locally recurrent and metastatic NPC from five hospitals. Kaplan-Meier analyses and log-rank tests were applied to assess survival outcomes based on recurrence and metastasis profiles, as well as treatment modalities. Independent prognostic factors affecting OS were identified using Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were analyzed, with a median follow-up duration of 68.3 months (range: 7-240 months). The median OS was 23.4 months (range: 11.1-35.6 months), and the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS rates were 61.3%, 46.5%, 31.0%, 27.9%, and 10.5%, respectively. The treatment modality did not significantly affect OS overall (P = 0.071). Median OS was 10.8 months (95% CI, 7.7-13.9) for chemotherapy alone, 24.2 months (95% CI, 8.9-39.4) for chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitors, and 47.1 months (95% CI, 10.2-84.0) for chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy. In patients with oligometastasis, radiotherapy significantly improved OS (50.1 vs. 24.1 months, P = 0.021), whereas no significant OS benefit was observed for radiotherapy in polymetastatic patients (8.6 vs. 14.8 months, P = 0.168). Similarly, radiotherapy extended OS in patients with one-organ metastases (50.1 vs. 24.1 months, P = 0.026), while no significant benefit was observed in those with multiple-organ metastases (8.6 vs. 11.0 months, P = 0.831). CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy, when combined with other treatment modalities, significantly improves OS in rmNPC patients with oligometastases or one-organ metastases.