Temporomandibular disorder prevalence in malocclusion patients: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients with malocclusion through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to November 15, 2024. Cross-sectional studies providing data on TMD prevalence among malocclusion patients were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses to explore heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate result robustness. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies were included, showing an overall TMD prevalence of 43% (95% CI: 35%-50%; I(2) = 97.9%). Prevalence was higher in females (44%) than males (33%) and in adults (42%) than adolescents (39%). Among malocclusion types, Class II (40%) and posterior unilateral crossbite (59%) had the highest TMD prevalence. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of findings, though diagnostic criteria variations contributed to heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TMD in malocclusion patients was 43%, with higher rates in females, adults, and specific malocclusion types such as Class II, open bite, overjet, and crossbite. Variations in diagnostic criteria and malocclusion classification contributed to heterogeneity, emphasizing the need to consider individual patient characteristics when assessing TMD risk. Standardized diagnostic criteria, representative sampling, and multilingual search strategies are essential for future research to minimize bias and improve data reliability.