Areca nut extract increased stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-tumor-induced Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral cancers with a high mortality rate. The biodiversity source in Indonesia makes areca nut a potential antioxidant in treating disease. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of areca nut extract on 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO)-tumor-induced rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 served as the control group, group 2 was 4NQO-induced rats without treatment, and groups 3 and 4 were given 4NQO-tumor inducer with 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW of areca nut extract, respectively. The rats in groups 2,3, and 4 received 30 ppm of 4NQO tumor inducer in drinking water for 12 weeks. In the end, all rats were euthanized, and the tongue was removed. The body, liver, kidney, heart, and lung weights were measured. Tongue tumor volume and dysplasia lesions were analyzed. The tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor and stromal areas were scored semi-quantitatively associating the infiltrate grade (0-3) and analyzed histologically. RESULTS: There were significant differences in body weight loss between the initial and final phases in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). The areca nut at 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW significantly reduced the tumor size compared with groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). The incidence of OSCC in rats with 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW of areca nut extract after 22 weeks was 0%, but the dysplasia lesions were observed at 28.57% and 85.71%, respectively. The highest mean of stromal TILs was in group 3 and there were significant differences in stromal TILs between groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Areca nut extract induced infiltrating lymphocytes in the stromal tumor area on the OSCC lesion of the tongue in 4NQO-induced rats.